EPO is a hormone naturally produced by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, thereby increasing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. While medically crucial for treating anemia caused by chronic kidney disease or chemotherapy, it is notoriously abused in endurance sports (like cycling and running) as a potent blood-doping agent to enhance stamina, though excessive levels can dangerously thicken the blood and increase the risk of stroke or heart attack.
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